When entering or leaving the Dojo, stand in the doorway, face the front, bow and say "OSU". This represents a mark or respect for the Dojo and the people in it.

2. If late for training, kneel at the side of the class towards the back, facing away in SEIZA (formal kneeling position). When the instructor acknowledges you, stand up, turn to the front , bow and say "OSU" then "Shitsurei Shimasu" (excuse me for disturbing), then quickly join the back of the class.

3. Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew gum in the Dojo.

4. Always move quickly in class when intructed to do something. DO NOT STROLL.

5. Do not practise KUMITE unless instructed to do so.

6. Do not break rank for any reason, without asking permission from the instructor. If you must leave your position, do not walk between the instructor and the class. Walk behind the row you are in to either side and proceed from there.

7. Always address the instructor and seniors by their proper title (SEMPAI, SENSEI, SHIHAN) inside the Dojo. Acknowledge them with a loud "OSU" when they speak to you.

8. Your training should be a serious matter. Do not laugh, giggle, talk or cause disruption during the class. You should always stand in HEIKO DACHI when awaiting the next command.

9. All directions, by instructor, should be obeyed in the Dojo, without question. You will not be asked to do anything that your instructor has not done him/herself already. If you cannot keep up, do the best you can.

10. Keep fingernails and toenails short and clean.

11. During the break: No sitting on chairs, leaning against the wall or lying down. Do some training rather than waste time.

12. It is everyone's responsibility to ensure the Dojo is clean, tidy and safe at all times.

13. Your karate-gi must be neat and washed clean at all times. Your belt should NEVER be washed, only aired dry. It symbolically contains the spirit of your hard training, and under no circumstances are male karatekas allowed to wear t-shirts or other clothing underneath their karate-gi.

14. Don't wear jewellery or watches during training.

The meaning of " OSU! "

Osu means patience, respect and appreciation. In order to develop a strong body and strong spirit it is necessary to undergo rigorous training.

This is very demanding, because you must push yourself to what you believe to be your limit, and you want to stop; to give up. When you reach this point you must fight yourself and your weakness and you must win. To do this you must learn to persevere, but above all you must learn to be patient. This is OSU!

The reason you subject yourself to hard training is because you care about yourself, and to care about yourself is to respect yourself. This self respect evolves and expands to become respect for your instructor and fellow students. When you enter the dojo you bow and say "Osu" . This means you respect your dojo and the time you spend training there. This feeling of respect is OSU!

During training you push yourself as hard as possible because you respect yourself. When you finish you bow to your insructor and fellow students and say "Osu" once more. You do this out of appreciation. This feeling of appreciation is OSU.

Thus OSU is a very important word in Karate because it signifies patience, respect and appreciation. That is why we always use the word OSU; to remind ourselves of these indespensable qualities. Osu is a Japanese term borrowed from the military and is used to create cohesion and oneness in a group and a word to acknowledge and to confirm understanding, respect and to create the “never give up” attitude. It was especially important during World War Two when the troop where going to war.

OSU!!!

INTERNATIONAL  KENSHI KARATE KOBUDO ORGANISATION

(I.K.K.O)

                     COACHING MANUAL

 Tactics and Strategies based on principles and their applications

i- DEDICATION

Thus to our children, brothers, sisters. families, friends, students and disciples.

ii-                  PREFACE

This manual is primarily intended to coaches and competitors as parts of IKKO contribution to improve the standards of the science of Karate in competition,and as such is based on the application of principles of Shiai and the principles applied in the management sciences and the rules of competition which underpin the requirements and needs of developing a sporting competition.

With this book at hand;it is hoped,we will speak the same language and understand a lot about the secrets of successful coaches and outstanding competitors in terms of fitness, mental strength,rigorous training,skills.And how to implement innovative and systematic methods and make use of power and energy.

For visualizing as part of mental training,it is essentials that our stallions watch permanently video tapes of outstanding competitors to make their mind by identifying themselves to their stars,strategizing and making quick decisions whenever any window of scoring opportunity presents itself to them.

The thing for you to remember is that you have to give more importance to the performer of a technique than to the technique per se,i.e a punch   or kick is performed  emotionally,tactically and technically by a human being so the focus must be put on him.You have to control your opponent’s kyo condition to the best of your advantage.For this reason there is no need to hurry through this manual in an effort to master every astuce as quickly as possible, and then find in the end that without the guidance of a “Shihan or Sensei” you have not attained useful and clever approaches in dealing with the science of competition.

It is far more worth while to be patient and hardworking person and to push your potential to the maximum for the best performance.

To equal opportunity,the winner would be the one who should know how to manage and use his inner energy,mental,physical and technical skills to his best.

Factors like the opponent’s records,referees’biaisness,public’s hostility are not always manageable but you have not to ignore or neglect them.They  play an important role as far as the  fight outcome is concerned. We call those non manageable forces/factors the unknown of the competitive equation where logic,reasoning  or possible attitude will be your asset to change the fight into your own favour.

Shiai,”a chess game”,you should strive to win by skills.

The illustrations herewith will better assist in the understanding of some strategies and application of fighting principles.Kata and bunkai are our intarissable mines of infornation where we endlessly dig out our tactics and stragety since karate is kata and kata is karate.

An attempt was made to present the principles and their related applications within a simple and easily understandable yet scientific manner.

As a result,other students and interested persons may also find it a fruitful study book.

A special word of thanks to the co-authors Senseis E.Oliva from Spain,B.Motsa,T.Sinzi,M.Kassiem Davids and M.Wapatcha;chief instructor to UFAK,our special guest during the April 2003 Seminar.

Especially Shihan Imtiaz Abdulla who made a vast contribution.

Johannesburg

May 10, 2003                                                         S.MOUNGONDO,Sensei.

                                       INTRODUCTION

In dealing with competition,it will be assumed that the competitor has a knowledge and understanding of karate and its sporting aspects and requirements. Anybody who is anxious to embark in the field of competition does so at risk if he did not receive a proper training thereof.

Competitors should understand that Shiai is primarily another form of training, self testing and self development,and thus strive to execute the best possible technique at all times showing respect, sportsmanship to opponents,officials and judges.

This manual is divided into two different but supportive parts,the first will have the merit to clarify the second which might be not only silent but subject to various interpretations if not supplement by the first one.We praise therefore the knowledge ,expertise,dedication and time spent for its realization.

Specifically the first part:Team Management, emphasizes as introductory part,on important components of competition preparation and management with much insights to key principles and their rational applications.Some winning is just a matter of luck as losing of bad luck,i.e some big names do not the principles and their applications,that why this manual should be of much help to everyone in  its every aspect.

And the second part stresses on TACTICS FOR TEAM COMPETITION with a lot of possibly acceptable fighting formations and tactics,it is worth reading critically both parts to have a huge picture of what we mean by competitive aspects,tactics and strategies.

Kumite techniques at world championship level require higher endurance.The competitors need to be well-rounded athletes rather just street brawlers.Additionally,they have to know tactics and skills of their opponents.

Thus.they are required to be not only physically fit but mentally trained as well.Therefore well-disciplined,structured,organized and knowledgeable of the rules of competition.

In the light of above considerations,we have annexed documents as tables and advice from world champions ,coaches and teachers to support our views and broaden the knowledge of our competitors.It is of paramount importance for our students to know that there are competitons which are governed by international rules.

Competition techniques are therefore taught with the goal of properly introducing and preparing the students to the international rules.

In our approaches ,as one is going to notice,embedded in both the Ju(soft=water) and Go (hard=fire) principles,we have,believe it or not,different ideology and methology from JKA but similar to the teachings of Kaicho Kozo Kuniba,Dochu Yochinao Nanbu and Sensei Nishiyama.

All our systems and principles although derived from our efficient understanding of kata and bunkai,are comprised in The Fighting within Clock Tactics; intellectual property of IKKO, based on using linear,round and oblique approaches of fight with in mind the aim to control the opponent’s kyo(balance) and kokyu(breath).

In building our strategy and tactics we owe a lot from kata like Bassai,Saifa,Seisochin and Chinto from Na-hate and Shuri-te styles for the way they have inspired and improved our fighting skills and understanding.

We strongly recommend the practice of kata and bunkai for the best understanding of Shiai.

                                   Chapter one

1.                       TEAM  MANAGEMENT

During our April 2003   Seminar on DOJO and TEAM  MANAGEMENT; as a Koen Kai member in  charge of coaching and related issues portfolio, I was duly assigned by the Shihan Imtiaz Abdulla,cumulatively,Chief Instructor and Chairman of IKKO, to deal with the sub- aspect of the above exciting topic.It was the most enjoyable” give and take” experience ever.So this book is the result not of the seminar but of our various experiences and expertise in the field of competition.

This manual is of the view that we cannot deal with such exciting matter without understanding the importance as role players of the human capital in terms of their background,knowledge and competence.Therefore it is worth starting with the prerequisites in frequent monitoring of performance of athletes and coaches alike on what should occur in every practice and every game.

a)-                              Prerequisites

1. Any well respected organisation will appoint or select its staff on merits that is why it is of paramount importance toset the criteria upon which human capital/assets are selected or appointed.Such selection or appointment base on merits is good for the management of people under the manager or for what the organization expects them to in terms of performance or results.

• 2. Ironically enough the golden rule in management is:”He who controls the gold makes the rules” .It is not a point to be taken lightly. If you do not have money ,do not expect to control or change the rules,that is! It is also not something that should jeopardize ethics and objective criteria in selecting or appointing  the following people.    ~    Selecting or appointing the Head CoachThe following criteria should be taken into considerationKnowledge of karateCompetenceExperienceTeaching skillsInnovative skillsInitiativeTolerancePatience,andRapport with athletes.  ~ Selecting Assistant CoachAge( must be younger than the head coach)Knowledge of karateExperience in karate-Do is essentialAt least standard 10 in the south-african context(read Sensei Nishiyama’s view in this regard)CompetenceShowing willingness to assistTeaching skillsDependabilityPhilosophyDesire to be head coachAttendance at clinicsRapport with athletes,andLiaison between athletes and head coach.   ~Appointing the Team CaptainShowing the behaviours characteristic of a “coachable” athleteGood studentHustle at practiceMotivatorGood experienceDisciplineLeadership on and off the fieldAttendance to tournaments/cupsCommitment and dedicationShowing sportsmanlike behaviour,andReceptive to new ideas from the coaches..RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HEAD AND ASSISTANT COACHES       Many reseachers in coaching and teaching of sports are adamant that most coaches will agree that behind every successful coach can be found competent assistant.This is essential true for a coach who hopes to practise effective behavioral coaching.Behavioral coaching is a lot of work.Discuss the possibility of directly observing the prospective assistant in action.If he agrees,then you will have an opportunity to directly monitor a number of the coaching competencies that you believe to be critical to effective assistant.There are some of the don’t’s about selecting assistants.What are some of the do’s ? Numerous books on coaching have identified desirable characteristics and qualities for assistant coaches.For example,teaching skills,loyalty,enthusiasm,knowledge of the sport,initiative,dependability,philosophy,desire to  to be head coach,playing experience,attendance at clinics…..,willingness to work, and contributing to ideas(Sabock 1985). For the sake of being in tune, it is recommended that the assistant coach get the same coaching philosophy from the head coach.When interviewing assistant(s),be up front about your beliefs,expectations and approach to coaching.Coaching philosophies can drastically differ.Failure to clarify philosohies before hand when selecting assistant coach can become a source of considerable frustration and discontent later for the  head coach, assistant coach and athletes.It is important to choose someone who is willing to adopt your approach.It is worth of notice that:you should not evaluate an applicant primarily in terms of his athletic accomplishments,medals,and awards.Remember what you expect an assistant to do.You want your assistant to be able toinstruct,praise,reprimand,and perform other activities that will effectively improve and maintain skilled athletic performance in your athletes.Your assistant is not there to perform as an athlete. As a matter of fact ,people who were outstanding athletes are not necessarily going to be outstanding coaches.Constantly guard against the view that the head coach knows everything and does everything well,and assistant coach is second best in all categories on which the two might be compared.In any head coach-assistant coach pair, there will always be things that the assistant coach does better than the head coach.Thus,although you want an assistant who adopts a similar coaching philosophy, you should also looks for assistants who have certain skills that are not your outstanding suit.This approach can only lead to a better overall coaching staff.Diversity in coaching staff should now be regarded as an asset not a liability nor a bone of contention.
• 3. THE TEAM CAPTAIN’s ROLE AND CHARACTERISTICSThe team captain’s role is very vital.He should be willing to discuss with the coach issues of concern to the athletes,collect ideas from all the squad members to present to coaches, be positive and set a good example at practices to help make practices fun,organize team activities away from the athletic environment,and encourage other competitors in various ways,both on and off the floor.From a coach’s perspective,a team captain will show the behaviours characteristic of “ coachable”athlete,be good student,hustle at practices,encourage other team members.show sportmanlike behaviour,leadership on and off the floor and be receptive to new ideas from the coaches.The new ideas would include getting the athletes involved in considerable self-monitoring of important practice and game behavoiurs and rules.At a team meeting at the start of the season,the coach should outline the desirable behaviours of a team captain and discuss them with athletes.Whether the captain is elected or appointed by the coach,it is valuable for the team to understand the considerations that go into the selection of a captain.                                    SUMMATIONMost head coaches will tell you that assistant coaches are indispensable due to the amount of work to.If anything,the practice of effective behavioral coaching makes assistant coaches even more valuable.When selecting assistant coaches,several definitive pitfalls are to be avoided.First,do not select an assistant coach who has a totally different coaching philosophy from yours.Second,do not evaluate an application primarily in terms of his athlelic accomplishments.People who are outstanding athletes are not necessarily outstanding coaches.Third, dot not select an assistant who is a carbon copy of yourself nor a yessing man.An assistant with different,complementary strengths to yours will be most valuable.Fourth,do not select an assistant primarily on the basis of performance in an interview.We strongly recommend that you adopt a competency-based approach for selecting and evaluating assistants.This means that you must identify coaching competencies that you believe to be critical for effective assistant coach, and choose assistants who show those competencies.During the season consult with your assistant before identifying specific areas of responsibilities for him.As you manage your assistant coach, it is also wise to encourage yourself to self evaluate your own management performance on a monthly basis to maximize the chances that your relationship with your assistant include loyalty,mutual respect,cooperation,and rapport.Team captain is also an important contributor to a successful season.The general organisational behavioral management strategies proper to IKKO should be of application to the task of selecting and managing team captain and assistant coach.                       Chapter two
• 4.                 TEAM PREPARATIONFrom the onset it is worth recalling that team preparation is an ongoing process that requires a lot of hard work.It implies the contribution of many experts in the sport psychology,behaviourism,dietetics and management to reach the expected goals.From our perspective,team preparation can be split into three  but complementary periods,with a technical pause.

Pre – season

• Fitness	70%
  Techniques	20%
  Mental training	10%
  Fitness /Daruma Taiso	10%
  Mental training	20%
  Tactics strategy & specific tasks	70%
  Warming up exercises	20%
  Operational techniques	65%
  Theory, mental training	15%

  During the season

       d) Off season based on maintenance

Team management is consisted of:

Planning the season: daily, weekly and monthly

• Conditioning plan
• Nutrition plan
• Charts of attendance, team and individual feed back
• Practice schedule
• Assessment forms for basic skills
• Awareness of the rules of competition
• Tryouts
• Season goals setting with team and individuals

     11. Prioritize goals

     12. Set deadlines

• 6.   Managing an athletic program

Work out assessment system for evaluating the basics

• Develop conditioning and nutritional program for the athletes
• Prepare the sport mental program to help them maximize performance in competition

NB:The above repartition is subject to change with regards to the importance and requirements of competition and budget allocated to achieve specific results.The following chapters will deal the importance of each type of training in depth to bring the chances of success to maximum.                    Chapter threeMeasurable and Manageable factors/Principles

Traditions and code of ethics and standards of conducts of Budo,and for that matter all japanese arts,martial or otherwise,can be traced back.One of the most important aspects of the traditional heritage of japanese martial arts,focusses on the teacher, and his responsibilities.

Legend has it that of a great sea battle waged, many hundreds of years ago in which two fleets sailed into battle.

A Blinding fog engulfed the powerful warship, but because one commander possessed a  “shihan” or compass, fashioned from magnetic meteorite, he was victorious finding his way through the fog and defeating the enemy.

The name “SHI-HAN” later became the term applied to a teacher, meaning one who shows the way or points in the correct direction.

A karate instructor or coach’s responsibilities are likened to the compass in that ,one,he directs his students/competitors by exemplifying the best possible character and conduct;four ways, by:

Firstly, he directs his students in the right direction

Secondly ,he gains the respect and trust of his students by exemplifying the best possible character and conduct,and

Thirdly, by continued striving and self-training to improve his own technical level,he always remains ahead of his students’development, again showing the way,and

Fourly,by carefully analysing the individual, physical, psychological and emotional condition of his students,he is best able to guide them in a direction most beneficial to their development.

As an instructor,coach and teacher,an understanding of the compass symbol indicates one’s commitment and dedication to the highest standards of karate.

• A) Need to have physically fit athletes

These warming up exercises strengthen the muscles and joints of the body while preparing them for exertion.They are also good for stamina and correct kata technique.Bearing in mind that kata is karate and karate is kata.

Stretching :Useful for preventing injuries and for economy of the ability to train even at an advanced age.

Hojo-undo:Development of strength and power,and for even muscular development of the body.

Cooling-down exercises:They focus on regulating the breathing and relaxing the body.

• B) Operational techniques related to Shiai based on body shifting/switching.

1.Body shifting

 1.a)-Sliding (yori ashi)

  1.b)-Stepping (fumikomi-ashi)

   1.c)-Shuffling (tsugi-ashi)

  2.Body switching (kawashi)

 Adjusting body direction in place.

• C) Supporting or Auxiliary Techniques

Basically,this involves three methods:

a)-Techniques which use impact to upset balance

b)-Techniques which use opponent’s momentum to upset balance(kyo)

c)-Techniques which involve pushing opponent opposite actions at one time(such as foot sweep forward/ under push backward)

2- Evasive or Escaping Techniques(Hazushi-waza)

3- Techniques of grabbling.holding clinching(Tsukami-waza)

• D) Principles of Application

• Metski--hypnosis effect look for telegraphing
• Maai--Judge the technique for different situations
• Kokyu--Attack when inhaling, study nostrils, heavy breathing
• Isshin--if you have to die , you die, not thinking of consequences, total commitment
• Kiai--scare opponent in all situation
• Power out of body give to opponent number eight
• Withstand the blow
• Kyushin--off balancing the mind and body so attack 
• Taisabaki--Shifting in direction of deflection
• Zanchin--Total commitment of situation no chance
• Seishin--Total sincerity in attack and defense
• 10. Kime--Focus on what needs to be done and where power needs to be projected
• 1- Controlling opponents and own reactions

• · The mental state of complete control comes through diligent training which develops the total human potential,both of mind and body.
• · In addition,one must be able to tune into the opponent,both physically and mentally,in order to respond with the correct counter action to the opponent’s technique.
• · It is worth of note that correct reaction becomes intuitive through the experience of continual training.

As part of strategical/tactical approach of the fight, a technique is best executed against an opponent when he is distracted ,when his mental attention wanders or weakens(example by using breaking the fortress tactic=power+speed+timing).This means his reaction time is lower and his mind/body nexus is broken by the pain inflicted to him in the effective use of power+speed+timing or doubling your power in using his speed(S1)+Timing+hips’power+Closing up(S2)=S3 or increasing of power at the point of impact.

C C S S FORMULA

The ccss or cover,control,speed and surprise formula is the summary of the ten principles of fighting.If well applied this formula may help maximizing the results.

Cover:Good kamae and defence are of utmost importance to cover your body(solar plexus,head,throat and groins)

Control:

• control of the opponent:

-speed

-kokyo

-maai

• manipulation of his:

-kyo

-kamae(no matter how good his kamae or cover might be)

-putting pressure

Speed:What speed needed to beat your opponent when you have already assessed/tested his initial speed.

   e.g:S1+S2=S3

Surprise:Surprise goes together with good cover and speed.

• A- Mental Kyo

1-The emotions are unstable.

2-Ki or mental energy/power is lost.

3-Attention/focus is fixed on particular point or object through manipulation of             

         kamae.

4-Mental pressure(through control of distancing; middle and short maai)

B-Physical Kyo

1-Opponent loses balance

2-In between movements(techniques or body shifting,etc…)

• 2- Manipulation of kamae
• 3- MAAI (Effective distance)

Your attack with your opponent’s kyo state.

There are three kinds of maai:-

A-Actual distance between opponents(To maai or long distance,maai or middle distance and Shika maai or short distance)

B-Individual effective distance(best distance for execution of your technique)

C-Opponent’s distance(estimating opponent’s capacity,his effective range of delivery).

It is important when facing an opponent,you must understand your own effective range and estimate your opponent’s effective range,then adjust your relative position that is the best possible comprise from which you can deliver your technique and still be able to escape your  opponent’s attack.

W e will amply comment this point when dealing about Spacio-temporal management and rational assessment of the shiai along with all the ingredients of fight.

• 4- TIMING: It is understood as one of the key ingredient of fight,or the effective use of time in the execution of a technique which involves the control of speed and correct and timely use of a technique.Therefore the three types of timing are:

Executing technique at the instant of detecting opponent’s kyo:sen no sen

B-Oji-waza(response to opponent’s attack)= Go no sen.

During opponent’s attack,the detection kyo and execution counter technique.

1-Sen( start of opponent’s attack)

Early counter which involves catching opponent in state of kyo at the initiation of his attack

A)-Kake no sen(pre-physical movement)

Executing technique upon sensing opponent’s kyo(ex: reading the shoulder and transfer of weight prelude to the execution of gyaku-zuki) upon opponent’s initial physical movement to attack.

B)-Tai-no-sen( physical movement)

Executing technique  when detecting kyo upon the opponent’s initial physical movement to attack.

2-Go-no-sen(after opponent’s attack)

Execution technique at the end of opponent’s initial attack or in between attacking techniques or catching and blocking initial attack before next attack begins.

C)-Shikake-waza(“set-up” techniques) or” dangling the carrot”

The opening movements are designed to place opponents in kyo condition,whereby placing him in a weaker and more open position for attack.(ex:witty use of negative fighting stance+ readind of shoulder and transfer of weight to the front knee).

There are three basic types thereof:

• Sasoi-waza (“inviting”technique also similar to the above dangling carrot technique) causing opponent to initiate a technique then using Sen or Go no sen to counter.Sometimes called”feint”.
• Kuzushi-waza( braking balance technique kike the 45 o technique used in seisochin).Breaking the opponent’s physical or mental balance thus causing kyo condition,followed by finishing attack to catch opponent.Sometimes known as manipulation of kamae( mental and physical kamae).
• Renzoku-waza (continuing attack technique).Initiating continuous attacks causing opponent to use blocking techniques or stepping back then entering a kyo condition for finishing attack.For further comment please go to chapter four dealing specificly on spacio-temporal management and rational assessment and application of Maai and Time in competition.
•             Chapter four
• SPACIO-TEMPORAL MANAGEMENT

1.GENERALITIES

• Explanation of the key points should include:

       2) Maai(effective distancing)

• Offensive and defensive timing
• Ki ( strong mental energy )
• Knowledge of the rules of the games/ correct attitude,fairplay, sportsmanship
• Develop mental aspects as well as physical through hard physical training via the following hallmarks:

     ~  Dojo etiquette

     ~  Self-control

     ~   Self confidence

     ~ Spirit  (ki)

     ~ Respect and follow rules of competition

     Key components in spacio –temporal management

Space:surface of shiai jo(8mx8m=64m2)

Time: 3 minutes or 180 mns.

The following questions need to be answered for the effective management of space and time allocated for a fight.

-How to move in the shaia jo using the enbusen of kata like Saifa , Seisochin or Bassai to upset the balance of the opponent?

-How to break into pieces the space for your best advantages?

-How to break into pieces and change of fighting strategy,speed and tactic to your advantages and according to the behavioral pattern of your opponent(committed or not in the fight).

For examples:

For the time management, we recommend to split the three minutes into three set of one mn= 60 seconds and then divided also into 3 piecess of 30 seconds.So the 1^st minutes will be broken in 3 pieces of 20 seconds where the athlete has to maximize his chances of scoring while applying the Maai,timing,kyo and kokyo principles of the fight.

During the second 20 seconds,he has to change his fighting approach,adjust according to the needs of the moment.

Thus for the last 20 seconds of the 1^st minute,put more pressure on the opponent.

The 1^st 20 seconds of the 2^nd minutes will  focuss on more mobility,speed,skills and saifa like change of direction.

In the course of 2 sets of the 20 seconds,the approach we recommend is of “breaking the fortress”.

The last set of 20 seconds will be similar to the 1^st 20” of the 2^nd minute.

And the last 1min,will be dealt by using effectively the maai principle,we suggest less mobility and two or three step maai,with focuss on using closing and opening tactics and control of the opponent’s power to your benefit.Yet we give leave to the athlete to use his mind and inspirational energy according to the scenario.

SPACE MANAGEMENT

It is all about how you will be able in the heat of competition to use space to your best advantage through” invading” the opponent’s territory and violating the seemingly “No-man land or No-go-zone”.

In an offensive approach ,you have to go beyond the median line(over the half of shaia jo).

Advantages: